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<title>Parsec (parser)</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Parsec</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Daan Leijen, Paolo Martini, Antoine Latter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Herbert Valerio Riedel, Derek Elkins, Antoine Latter, Roman Cheplyaka, Ryan Scott</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2, 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006-11-02</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.1.17.0

/ April 5, 2024<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-04-05</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/haskell/parsec">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/haskell<wbr>/parsec</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Haskell_Platform" title="Haskell Platform">Haskell Platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Parser_combinator" title="Parser combinator">Parser combinator</a>, <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-2-clause</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/parsec">hackage<wbr>.haskell<wbr>.org<wbr>/package<wbr>/parsec</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Parsec</b> is a <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> for writing <a href="Parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser">parsers</a> written in the <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on higher-order <a href="Parser_combinator" title="Parser combinator">parser combinators</a>, so a complicated parser can be made out of many smaller ones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reimplemented in many other languages, including <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative programming</a> languages <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because a parser combinator-based program is generally slower than a <a href="Parser_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser generator">parser generator</a>-based program, Parsec is normally used for small <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a>, while <a href="Happy_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy (software)">Happy</a> is used for <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> such as the <a href="Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other Haskell parser combinator libraries that have been derived from Parsec include Megaparsec<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Attoparsec.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Parsec is <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> released under the BSD-3-Clause license.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>Parsers written in Parsec start with simpler parsers, such as ones that recognize certain strings, and combine them to build a parser with more complicated behavior. For example, <code>digit</code> parses a digit, and <code>string</code> parses a specific string (like <code>"hello"</code>).

</p><p>

Parser combinator libraries like Parsec provide utility functions to run the parsers on real values. A parser to recognize a single digit from a string can be split into two functions: one to create the parser, and a <code>main</code> function that calls one of these utility functions (<code>parse</code> in this case) to run the parser:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="kr">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Text.Parsec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- has general parsing utility functions</span>

<span class="kr">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Text.Parsec.Char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- contains specific basic combinators</span>

<span class="kr">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Stream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">ParsecT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">u</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">String</span>

<span class="nf">parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">::</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Parser</span>

<span class="nf">parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"hello"</span>

<span class="nf">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"<test>"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"hello world"</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1">-- prints 'Right "hello"'</span>

</pre></div><p>We define a <code>Parser</code> type to make the type signature of <code>parser</code> easier to read. If we wanted to alter this program, say to read either the string <code>"hello"</code> or the string <code>"goodbye"</code>, we could use the operator <code><|></code>, provided by the <code>Alternative</code> typeclass, to combine two parsers into a single parser that tries either:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nf">parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"hello"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><|></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"goodbye"</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/parsec-2.0">"parsec 2.0"</a>. <i>Hackage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="aosa-ghc" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aosabook.org/en/ghc.html">"The Glasgow Haskell Compiler (AOSA Vol. 2)"</a>. <i>The Architecture of Open Source Applications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/attoparsec">"attoparsec: Fast combinator parsing for bytestrings and text"</a>. <i>Hackage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Parsec">Parsec on the Haskell wiki</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/parsec">Parsec on Hackage</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/haskell/parsec">parsec</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Haskell_programming542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a><br>(<a href="Haskell_features" title="Haskell features">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Generic_programming#Generic_Haskell" title="Generic programming">Generic Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a>°

<ul><li><a href="Template_Haskell" title="Template Haskell">Template Haskell</a>°</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Gofer_(programming_language)" title="Gofer (programming language)">Gofer</a></i>° → <a href="Hugs_(interpreter)" title="Hugs (interpreter)">Hugs</a>°</li>

<li><i>York Haskell Compiler</i>° (<i><a href="Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a></i>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cryptol" title="Cryptol">Cryptol</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a></i>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Orwell_(programming_language)" title="Orwell (programming language)">Orwell</a></i>°</li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a>°</li>

<li><a href="TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>°</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a> <a href="SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (BSV)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_Haskell" title="Concurrent Haskell">Concurrent Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Haskell_Platform" title="Haskell Platform">Haskell Platform</a></i>°</li>

<li><a href="QuickCheck" title="QuickCheck">QuickCheck</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Stack_(Haskell)" title="Stack (Haskell)">Stack</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fudgets" title="Fudgets">Fudgets</a></li>

<li><a href="WxHaskell" title="WxHaskell">wxHaskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Xmonad" title="Xmonad">xmonad</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a>°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Git-annex" title="Git-annex">git-annex</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Haddock_(software)" title="Haddock (software)">Haddock</a>°</li>

<li><a href="HaXml" title="HaXml">HaXml</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Haskell" title="Liquid Haskell">Liquid Haskell</a>°</li>

<li><a href="LOLITA" title="LOLITA">LOLITA</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></i>°</li>

<li><a href="SQream_DB" title="SQream DB">SQream DB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Real_World_Haskell" title="Real World Haskell">Real World Haskell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eponym10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponym</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arvind_(computer_scientist)" title="Arvind (computer scientist)">Arvind</a></li>

<li><a href="Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_D._Gordon" title="Andrew D. Gordon">Andrew D. Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Paul Hudak</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">John Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Launchbury" title="John Launchbury">John Launchbury</a></li>

<li><a href="John_MacFarlane_(philosopher)" title="John MacFarlane (philosopher)">John MacFarlane</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Marlow" title="Simon Marlow">Simon Marlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Roundy" title="David Roundy">David Roundy</a></li>

<li><a href="Audrey_Tang" title="Audrey Tang">Audrey Tang</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b> • <b>° = <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Haskell">Book</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category:Family</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category:Software</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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